世界奥运会历史英语_奥运会的历史及作用英语

1.知道奥运会历史的，用英语给我

2.关于奥运会英文资料及翻译

3.奥运会的由来英语

4.奥运会的起源的英语翻译

5.奥运会的由来(英语陈述）

The Olympic Games are held every four years in a different city in the world. Athletes from many countries compete in a variety of sports which are divided into winter and summer games.

每隔四年，奥运会就会在不同的城市举办一次。奥运会分为夏季奥运会和冬季奥运会，并且会吸引来自世界不同国家的运动员前来参加。

The Olympic began in Greece more than 2,700 years ago.The games were originally part of a religious festival in honor of the Greek Gods. Eventually,the games became the most important festival in all of Greece.

奥运会产生于2700年前的古希腊的宗教仪式，最初是为了纪念希腊神。随后仪式演变成古希腊最重要的节日。

The first recorded Olympic competition was held in 776B.C. It was held in an out door stadium which was about 200 meters long and 30meters wide.The stadium was in a valley, and about forty thousand people watch the event.The first thir Olympices consisted of only one race -running.

公元前776年，第一次奥林匹克竞赛在一个长200米宽30米的露天体育馆举行。体育馆坐落在山谷中，大约在4万人观看了这次比赛。前13届奥运会只包括跑步。

Since 776B.C. the games had been held regularly for about 1,200 years. In the years 3 the Olympics were prohibited by the Roman Emperor.

自公元前776年以来，奥运会每四年如期举行，并持续了1200多年。在公元3年，奥运会被罗马帝国所禁止。

It was not until 1896 that the first Olympics of modern times were held in Athens.From then on the games are held every four years regularly. The Olympics he become the world's most impostant athletic events and a symbol of the sporting friendship of all the people of the world.

直到1896年，第一次现代奥运会才在雅典举行。从那时起奥运会才每隔四年如期举行。奥运会已成为世界上最重要的运动会，并成为全世界人民在体育中建立的友谊的象征。

知道奥运会历史的，用英语给我

上面是中文，下面是英文，你自己挑吧

一项上帝的运动

很久很久以前，举办奥运会是为了纪念神秘的神--宙斯，希腊众神之父。开始的时候，奥运会只是一个地方性竞赛，到了后来越来越多的希腊城帮参加进来。在大约1200年时间中一共组织过293次。

奥运会场馆由寺庙、大厅和运动场组成。宙斯神庙是世界七大奇迹之一，里面有一尊高40英尺象牙镀金神像。

一项为了希腊自由的运动

在雅典以西320公里的地方有一座名叫奥林匹亚的城市，位于爱丽丝州一个美丽的山谷。历史上第一个有组织的奥运会于公元前776年在这里举行。运动会每四年举办一次，只向自由出生在希腊的男子开放。开始的时候，大多数运动员都来自富裕家庭，因为他们得自己支付费用。

比赛前，所有参赛运动员都要宣誓，说他们达到了训练要求，也就是说，在奥运会开幕前的10个月里，他们必须不停地训练，并且在开幕前30天内受到奥林匹亚官员的监督。在罗马时代，罗马人也有权参加比赛。

女子被禁止进入体育场，一个原因是所有径赛项目都是进行的。

在公元前776?#20844;元前728期间，只有一项运动。

开始时只有一个比赛项目，那就是单脚赛跑。这个比赛也叫做?#26031;塔德?#65292;连续13届奥运会上唯一的一个项目。那是一个大约185米的赛跑，比赛在一条笔直的草径上进行。几百年来，这个奖励不仅对获奖者是一种人荣誉，对他的家人和他的城市都是一种荣誉。

公元前724?12年期间，有了更多的比赛项目

笔直的竞走变成了绕着一个椭圆形的跑道，一圈这样的跑道叫做体育场，这个名字现在世界各地都用来指一个运动场所。从第14届奥运会开始，又增添了新的赛跑项目，如跑两圈的（大约370米），而在第15届奥运会上又增加了一个12圈的赛跑。自第16届奥运会起，又开始了一个24圈的长距离赛跑项目。

在公元前708年，奥运会引入了其他运动

在公元前708年举办的由更多的城帮参赛的第18届奥运会上，如斯巴达人，增加了第一个对抗性项目：摔跤。同时还加入了五项全能：跳远，标枪，赛跑，铁饼和摔跤。五个项目在同一个下午举行。

公元前688年，奥运会引入了拳击

在公元前688年举办的第20届奥运会上，一项目前最受欢迎的运动被引入奥运会，那就是拳击。拳击用的手套是用软牛皮做的。拳击比赛没有时间限制，运动员倒地，或者一个运动员伸出一个或两个手指，表示自己认输，比赛就宣告结束。也没有重量的分类，对手是随机选择的。

公元前680年，增加了马术运动

马术运动是在公元前680年引入奥运会的。体育场地方太小，无法组织由四匹马拉的马车进行比赛，因此在体育场旁边的场举行。

公元前648年引入了一项不同的对抗艺术项目：拳击摔跤比赛

在公元前648年举办的第33届奥运会上增加了一项新的运动：拳击摔跤比赛，这是现在的奥运会上所没有的。这是拳击和摔跤的结合，是一项古希腊时代非常粗野、不受限制的运动。这项运动现在还存在，但其比赛规则已作了修改。

公元前632年，奥运会大大延长时间

公元前632年举办的奥运会延长到七天。举办奥运会仍然是为了表示对神的敬意，因此第一天是一些准备性仪式和祭祀活动。后面的五天是比赛，第七天是颁奖和会餐。这一年，加入了由男孩参加的拳击和摔跤比赛。

公元前580年，戴着盔甲赛跑

5公元前580年全副武装的男子进行戴着盔甲赛跑比赛，沿运动场跑两圈。

公元前500年，奥运会有50个项目

当时有50多个项目

公元前150年，罗马人

罗马人在公元前150年征服了希腊帝国。

公元393?94年，最后一次古代奥运会

在1200年时间内举办了300届古代奥运会之后，在公元393年在奥林匹亚举办了最后一届古代奥运会。罗马的第一个信基督教的帝王西奥多西斯一世禁止所有异教庆祝活动和膜拜仪式，因此奥运会在394年被解散。奥林匹亚的宙斯神庙受西奥多西斯二世的命令也被烧毁。

A game for a God

Once upon a time the Olympics was an event that started in order to honour the mythical God Zeus, the father of Greek Gods. From the beginning the Olympics was a local competition but later on more and more Greek city states participated. 293 events were organized during almost twelve centuries.

The Olympic area was a combination of temples, halls and the stadium. The Temple of Zeus was one of the Seven Wonders of the World with a 40 feet high statue in gold and ivory of the god.

A game for freeborn Greek

In a beautiful valley, at the city of Olympia in the state of Elis, 320 km west of Athens, the first organised Olympic Games were held 776 BC. The games took place every four years and were open only for freeborn Greek men. Most of the athletes came in the beginning from wealthy families because they had to pay their own expenses.

Before participating the Games all participants had to take an oath that they had fulfilled the training requirements which mean that they had to train constantly 10 months before the Olympics and had to stay 30 days before the games under the eyes of officials in Olympia. During the Roman years, Romans had the right to participate as well.

Women were forbidden to enter the stadium and one reason could be that all the races were run in the nude.

776 BC – 728 BC, Only one event

In the beginning there were only one event, a single foot race. The race was called the “Stade” and was the only event for 13 Olympics. An rox. 185 metres race, the first times on a straight strip of grass. The first athlete ever to win an Olympic race was a young cook from Elis, named Koroibus who received a wreath of wild olive lees as his prize. This prize was through the centuries not only an honour for the winner but also for his family and city.

724 BC – 712 BC, More races

The straight “Stade” was changed to an oval racing track and an one-lap sprint was called a “Stadium” which name today is used for a sports arena all over the world. New running events were added from the 14th Olympics, two laps (rox. 370 metres) and in the next Olympiad a 12 laps race. In the 16th Olympiad the long distance race 24 laps started.

708 BC, Other sports are introduced

In 708 BC, at the 18th Olympiad, when more city states participated, especially the Spartans the first combat sport was introduced: Wrestling. At the same games pentathlon were introduced: Jumping, jelin, running, discus and wrestling, all performed in the same afternoon.

688 BC, Boxing is introduced

At the 20th Olympiad in 688 BC one of the most popular Olympic sports even today was introduced: Boxing. The gloves were made of straps of soft ox-hide. The boxing matches had no time limit and ended if the fighter fell to the ground or one of the fighters held up one or to fingers to show that he admitted defeat. There were no weight categories, opponents were chosen by random.

680 BC, Equestrian sports

Equestrian sports was introduced in 680BC. The stadium was to small for the Four Horse Chariot Race so the horse racing was held at the hippodrome next to the stadium.

648 BC, Pancration, a different fighting art

A new sport event that was introduced at the 33rd Olympics in 648 BC, , which not exists today at the Olympics, was Pancration. A combination of boxing and wrestling, a sport of rather violent and unrestrained nature in ancient Greece. The sport exists still but today with modified rules.

632 BC, the Olympics is extended

632 BC the Olympic Games was extended to seven days. The games was still in honour of the goods so the first day was for preparatory ceremonies and sacrifices. The next five days was the competition and the seventh day was the award of prizes and the feasting. In 632 was also boxing and wrestling contests for boys introduced.

580 BC, Armour ruinning

580 BC heily armed men was competing in Armed Race, two laps around the stadium.

500 BC , 50 events

There were more than 50 events.

150 BC, The Romans

The Romans conquered Greek Empire in 150 BCD

393 AD – 394 AD, The last Olympics

In 393 AD the last Olympic Games at Olympia took place after nearly 300 Olympiads and 1200 years. . One of the first Christian emperors of Rome, Theodocious I prohibited all pagan festivals and cults so the games were disbanded in 394. The temple of Zeus at Olympia was burned down by the decree of Theodocious II.

关于奥运会英文资料及翻译

A History of the Olympics

According to legend, the ancient Olympic Games were founded by Heracles (the Roman Hercules), a son of Zeus. Yet the first Olympic Games for which we still he written records were held in 776 BCE (though it is generally believed that the Games had been going on for many years already). At this Olympic Games, a naked runner, Coroebus (a cook from Elis), won the sole event at the Olympics, the stade - a run of roximately 192 meters (210 yards). This made Coroebus the very first Olympic champion in history.

The ancient Olympic Games grew and continued to be played every four years for nearly 1200 years. In 393 CE, the Roman emperor Theodosius I, a Christian, abolished the Games because of their pagan influences.

Approximately 1500 years later, a young Frenchmen named Pierre de Coubertin began their revival. Coubertin is now known as le Rénovateur. Coubertin was a French aristocrat born on January 1, 1863. He was only seven years old when France was overrun by the Germans during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Some believe that Coubertin attributed the defeat of France not to its military skills but rather to the French soldiers' lack of vigor.* After examining the education of the German, British, and American children, Coubertin decided that it was exercise, more specifically sports, that made a well-rounded and vigorous person.

Coubertin's attempt to get France interested in sports was not met with enthusiasm. Still, Coubertin persisted. In 1890, he organized and founded a sports organization, Union des Sociétés Francaises de Sports Athlétiques (USA). Two years later, Coubertin first pitched his idea to revive the Olympic Games. At a meeting of the Union des Sports Athlétiques in Paris on November 25, 1892, Coubertin stated,

Let us export our oarsmen, our runners, our fencers into other lands. That is the true Free Trade of the future; and the day it is introduced into Europe the cause of Peace will he received a new and strong ally. It inspires me to touch upon another step I now propose and in it I shall ask that the help you he given me hitherto you will extend again, so that together we may attempt to realise [sic], upon a basis suitable to the conditions of our modern life, the splendid and beneficent task of reviving the Olympic Games.**

His speech did not inspire action. Though Coubertin was not the first to propose the revival of the Olympic Games, he was certainly the most well-connected and persistent of those to do so. Two years later, Coubertin organized a meeting with 79 delegates who represented nine countries. He gathered these delegates in an auditorium that was decorated by neoclassical murals and similar additional points of ambiance. At this meeting, Coubertin eloquently spoke of the revival of the Olympic Games. This time, Coubertin aroused interest.

The delegates at the conference voted unanimously for the Olympic Games. The delegates also decided to he Coubertin construct an international committee to organize the Games. This committee became the International Olympic Committee (IOC; Comité Internationale Olympique) and Demetrious Vikelas from Greece was selected to be its first president. Athens was chosen for the revival of the Olympic Games and the planning was begun.

The very first modern Olympic Games opened in the first week of April 1896. Since the Greek had been unable to fund construction of a stadium, a wealthy Greek architect, Georgios Averoff, donated one million drachmas (over $100,000) to restore the Panathenaic Stadium, originally built in 330 BCE, with white marble for the Olympic Games.

Since the Games were not well publicized internationally, contestants were not nationally chosen but rather came individually and at their own expense. Some contestants were tourists who hened to be in the area during the Games. Athletes wore their athletic club uniform rather than a national team one.

奥运会的由来英语

April 6, 1896, was definitely a day to remember. King George I of Greece announced the opening of the first International Olympic Games in Athens. A total of 245 athletes from 14 nations competed in the ancient Panathenaic stadium.

In this first modern Games, the winner was awarded a silver medal. The second athlete was given a bronze medal while the third athlete received nothing.

The man who re-introduced the Olympic Games to the modern world was Baron Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937) of France. He was enthusiastic about the Games because he thought they were similar to the French education system, which combined moral and social education in school games.

He trelled the world to gather support for his dream to he countries come together in the name of sport. "The important thing in life is not the victory but competing; the main thing is not to he won but to he fought well," he said.

Coubertin held an international meeting in Paris in 1894 and established the International Olympic Committee. Two years later his ideal — bringing together the youth of the world in a friendly competition - became a reality at the first celebration of the modern Olympic Games.

From the start of the modern Olympics, male athletes of every race, religion, and nationality he been allowed to participate.

No women competed in 1896. A few female golfers and tennis players were allowed to take part in the 1900 Games. Female gymnasts and track-and-field athletes first competed at the 1928 Games. Women's Olympic sports he grown hugely since then. Today women make up about half of the total number of compes.

This has not been the only change. Figure skating was part of the Summer Games of 1908 and 1920, and ice hockey was played in 1920. They then became part of the Winter Olympics, which was first held in 1924 in France.

Although founded to help world peace, the modern Olympic Games sometimes become a stage for political arguments. The most controversial Olympics were the Berlin Games of 1936. Under the rule of the Nazis, German Jewish athletes were banned from the German team.

The Olympic Games were interrupted twice during the First and Second World Wars. The event was not held in 1916, 1940 and 1944.

回眸现代奥运百年之路，感受沧桑变化中那份历久弥坚的执著

1896年4月6日是一个值得纪念的日子。那天，希腊国王乔治一世宣布希腊举办的首届国际奥林匹克运动会开幕。来自14个国家的245名运动员参加了这场在古老的雅典体育场举行的盛会。

在这次首届现代奥运会上，冠军被授予一枚银牌，亚军获得一枚铜牌，而季军什么奖牌也没有。

法国人巴隆·皮耶尔·德·顾拜旦 (1863-1937)将奥运会重新引入了现代世界。他之所以对奥运会热情很高，是因为他觉得奥运会与法国的学校教育具有相通之处，两者都将道德教育和社会教育融入到运动会之中。

他周游世界，寻求人们对他奥林匹克梦想的支持，希望世界各国能以体育运动的名义相聚。他说：“人生最重要的东西并不是胜利本身，而是竞争的过程，重要的不是赢得胜利，而是努力奋斗。”

1894年，顾拜旦在巴黎召开了一个国际会议，成立了国际奥林匹克委员会。两年后，他的梦想——以一个友好比赛使各国青年汇聚——在首届现代奥林匹克运动会时变成了现实。

自现代奥运会诞生之日起，各种族、宗教、民族的男性运动员均被允许参赛。

1896年奥运会的时候，还没有女性选手参赛。1900年奥运会时，开始有一些女性高尔夫球选手和网球选手获准参赛。而到了1928年奥运会，女性体操和田径运动员首次出现在比赛场上。自此以后，奥林匹克运动在女性中发展壮大。如今，女选手大约占据了参赛选手总人数的半边天。

除此之外，奥运会的变化还有很多。比如，花样滑冰成为1908年和1920年夏季奥运会的运动项目，此外，1920年的比赛项目中加入冰球。它们随后成为了冬季奥运会的竞赛项目。首届冬季奥运会于1924年在法国举行。

举办现代奥运会的初衷在于促进世界和平，但有时它却变成一个政治纷争的舞台。1936年的柏林奥运会最受争议。当时因为纳粹在德国主政，所以德国的犹太运动员被禁止代表德国队参赛。

现代奥运会曾因两次世界大战而中断，1916年、1940年和1944年的奥运会都未能如期举行。

奥运会的起源的英语翻译

奥林匹克运动会（英语：Olympic Games 希腊语：Ολυμπιακο? Αγ?νε?；Olympiakoi Agones），简称“奥运会”，是一个由国际奥林匹克委员会主办的世界性综合运动会，包括夏季奥林匹克运动会、冬季奥林匹克运动会、残疾人奥林匹克运动会、青少年奥林匹克运动会和特殊奥林匹克运动会。奥林匹克运动会每四年举办一次（曾在两次世界大战中中断三次，分别为公元1916年、1940年和1944年），每届会期不超过16天。

奥林匹克运动会因起源于古希腊奥林匹亚（Olympia）而得名。古代奥运会从公元前776年到公元393年，共历经293届，后被罗马皇帝狄奥多西一世以邪教活动罪名而废止。1894年在巴黎召开的国际体育会议，根据法国贵族皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦（Pierre de Coubertin）的倡议成立了国际奥委会，并决定恢复奥运会。现代第一届奥运会于1896年在希腊雅典举行，此后在世界各地轮流举行。由于1924年开始设立了冬季奥林匹克运动会，因此奥林匹克运动会习惯上又称为“夏季奥林匹克运动会”。奥林匹克运动会现在已经成为了和平与友谊的象征。

目前第29届夏季奥运会正在北京举行，共设28个大项和302个小项。下一届夏季奥运会2012年在英国伦敦举行。最近一届冬奥会是2006年都灵冬季奥运会，共设7个大项84个小项。下一届奥运会是2010年温哥华冬季奥运会。

Olympic Games (English: Olympic Games Greek: OMICRONlambdaupsilonmupiiotaalphakaomicron & # 943; ALPHAgamma & # 4; Nuepsilon & # 962; ; Olympiakoi Agones) , the world being called "Olympiad" for short , being that one is held by International Olympic Committee synthesize Games , include summer Olympic Games , Winter Olympic Games , deformed man Olympic Games , -agers Olympic Games and peculiar Olympic Games. Every 4 years holds Olympic Games breaking off a triple once (once in two time of World War , compose in reply in 1916 , in 1940 1944) respectively for A.D., each session date of a meeting does not exceed 16 day. Olympic Games gets a name because of coming from ancient Greece Olympia (Olympia). Olympiad was got through 293 sessions together in the ancient times from B.C. to A.D. for 776 years for 393 years, the queen was exercised accusation but was abolished by Rome emperor Di Aoduoxi I with heresy. International sports convention held by 1894 in Paris, · is morals according to France nobleman Pierre proposing of · Coubertin (Pierre de Coubertin) has set up the International Olympic Commi , has decided to restore Olympiad and. Modern the first Olympiad is held on 1896 in Greece Athens , is holds henceforth by spells in world everywhere. Since beginning to he set up Winter Olympic Games in 1924,Olympic Games is called "summer Olympic Games " therefore on habit. Olympic Games has already become peace and the emblem of friendship now. At present 29th Summer Olympic Games in course of Beijing hold, set up 28 major terms and 302 small item together. Time of one Summer Olympic Games is held in United Kingdom London in 2012. Nearest one winter may be Turin in 2006 Winter Olympic Games oersted , set up 7 84 major terms together small item. Going down one Olympiad is Vancouver Winter Olympic Games in 2010.

奥运会的由来(英语陈述）

奥运会的起源中文：

有关古奥林匹克运动会的历史源头已经不可考，但是有些神话和传说流传下来。

珀罗普斯是奥林匹亚的国王，也是以他的名字命名的伯罗奔尼撒半岛的英雄。

奥林匹克运动会在举行时向他供奉。

基督徒亚历山太的革利免声称：“奥林匹克运动会只是供奉珀罗普斯的献祭活动”。

这个神话描述珀罗普斯如何在他的旧情人波塞冬的帮助之下，战胜Oenomaus国王，并和Oenomaus的女儿Hippodamia结成夫妇。

这个神话也和阿特柔斯家族的没落和俄狄浦斯的苦难经历有关连。

奥运会的起源英文：

The historical origin of the ancient Olympic Games can not be ascertained, but some myths and legends he been passed down.

Peropus was the king of Olympia and the hero of the Peloponnesian Peninsula named after him. The Olympic Games were held in honour of him. Christian Alexander's Clemens claimed that "the Olympic Games are only a sacrifice to Peropus".

This myth describes how Pelops, with the help of his old lover Poseidon, defeated King Oenomaus and married Hippodamia, Oenomaus's daughter. This myth is also related to the decline of the Atrus family and the suffering of Oedipus.

扩展资料：

奥运会标志：

奥林匹克运动会有一系列独特而鲜明的象征性标志，如奥林匹克标志、格言、奥运会会旗、会歌、会徽、奖牌、吉祥物等，这些标志有着丰富的文化含义，形象地体现了奥林匹克理想的价值取向和文化内涵。

奥林匹克五环标志，它由5个奥林匹克环套接组成，有蓝、黑、红、黄、绿5种颜色。

五环的含义是象征五大洲的团结以及全世界的运动员以公正、坦率的比赛和友好的精神在奥林匹克运动会上相见。

《奥林匹克 *** 》规定，奥林匹克标志、奥林匹克会旗、奥林匹克格言和奥林匹克会歌的产权属于国际奥委会专有。

国际奥委会可取一切适当措施使奥林匹克标志、旗、格言和会歌在各国和国际上获得法律保护。

奥林匹克会旗于1913年由顾拜旦亲自设计，长3米，宽2米。

1914年为庆祝现代奥林匹克运动恢复20周年，在巴黎举行的奥林匹克代表大会上首次升起。

1920年安特卫普奥运会正式用。

奥林匹克会旗上面是蓝黑红三环，下面是黄绿两环。

Olympic Games' origin Ancient Greece is a myth kingdom, the exquisite moving mythstory and the winding strange folklore, origin in Mongolia for theancient Olympic Games a mystical color. Fable: Ancient times theOlympics games were for sacrificial offering zeus but the regular holdsports athletics activity. Another kind of fable and zeus son Herculesconcern. Hercules because the strength greatly incomparably attains" Titan missile " Laudatory name. He has completed the taskin 伊利斯 the city-state which the erage man is unable tocomplete, then did not sweep clean king to quite a while the time topile up with the cow dung the cowshed, but king did not want tofulfill bestows 300 cows' promises, hertz Larke forced as soon asunder was mad has expelled king. In order to celebrate the victory, hehas held the games at Olympics. Origins about the ancient Olympic Games broadly spreads the storywhich is 佩洛 Pu Si gets married. Ancient Greek 伊利斯 king inorder to chooses a civil and military complete in both emperor'sson-in-law for own daughter, proposed the election must compete thecombat tank with own. In the competition, successively some 13 youthsgot killed under King Yu's lance, but the 14th youth is precisely zeusgrandson and on princess's heart person 佩洛 Pu Si. Under the loveinspiration, he brely has accepted king's challenge, finallyoutwits. In order to congratulate this victory, 佩洛 Pu Si YuPrincess held the grand wedding ceremony in front of Olympia's zeustemple, at the meeting arranges the combat tank, the angle to fightand so on a competition, this was the initial ancient Olympic Games,佩洛 Pu Si has become in the ancient Olympic Games fable founder. Olympic Games' origin, has close relationship in fact with the ancientGreece's social situation. B.C.E. 9-8 century, the Greece clan societygradually disintegrates, the city-state system sle society graduallyformed, has established more than 200 city-states. The city-state doesthings their own way, non- unification 君主, between the city-statethe war is unceasing. In order to deal with the war, variouscity-states all positively train the soldier. The Sparta city-statechild from 7 years old on by the national foster, and is engaged inthe sports, the military training, military life. The war needs thesoldier, the soldier needs the strong body, but the sports is theraise can draft the clever in fighting soldier's powerful method. Thewar promoted the Greece sports development, the ancient Olympic Games'event also has the obvious military brand mark. Continuously theunceasing war makes the people to feel the loathing, the universalhope can he the peaceful environment which depends on rests andbuilds up strength. Afterwards the Sparta king and 伊利斯 the kinghas signed " Sacred armistice month " Treaty. Thereupon, forprepares the manpower resources military training and sportsathletics, gradually becomes peace and the friendship games.